Leveraging modern technologies in agriculture: Recent progress and prospects in Bangladesh

Agriculture plays a vital role in food production and the socioeconomic development in the globe.  In Bangladesh, over 40% of the country’s population is engaged in agricultural production that contributes significantly to food security, rural livelihoods, and in national GDP around 70% of total employment. For a densely populated country with around 164 million people. The country agricultural is one of the major sectors leading economy, ensuring food and nutrition. However, this sector shows a crossroads of agricultural practices and economy, but the application of modern agricultural tools has not been well extended during agricultural production [1].

Land fragmentation is one of the key limitations that declining the area of cultivable lands. Despite this alarming trend, most of the farmers are growing crops using tradition methods during farming. Lack of uses of modern agriculture tools, outdated cultivation methods, and inefficiencies in water and soil management are the vital areas of studying. Climate change further complicates the scenario. Bangladesh is one of the most climate vulnerable countries, faces a variety of adverse environmental cues. Several environmental factors include erratic rainfall, increasing temperatures, frequent flooding, and growing salinity in coastal regions influence on crop production. Bangladesh is a land of rice cultivation, the average rice production (tons) in the country.  Unfortunately, the yield rice production declines significantly due to unfavourable environmental. Additionally, overuse of chemical fertilizers, pest infestations, and soil degradation lead to decline agriculture production [2]. Despite these challenges, there are several opportunities exist for using of agri-technological innovations in Bangladeshi agriculture. The United States, and the Netherlands adopt several modern farming technologies such as IoT-based crop monitoring, drone-assisted spraying, satellite imagery, and AI-enabled decision-making systems. These tools have significantly improved productivity, reduced environmental impacts, and helped farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions. For example, Israeli farmers have employed precision drip irrigation systems to reduce water use while increasing yields by nearly 30%. Likewise, Dutch farmers have integrated automated greenhouse systems and GPS-guided tractors to optimize resource use and enhance crop output [3]. In contrast, Bangladesh such technologies have not been well explored in agricultural sectors due to lack of farmers skills, limited funding, inadequate infrastructure, lack of skilled labor, and awareness among farmers in agriculture sectors. Government initiatives, private sector participation, and international collaborations are contributing to the growing popularity of digital agriculture platforms. Mobile-based applications now provide real-time updates on weather forecasts, market prices, pest alerts, and expert agronomic advice. Under the supervision of the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC), pilot projects involving smart irrigation systems leads to notable improvement in rice production with reduced water consumption [4]. Despite these initial successes, large-scale adoption remains limited. The use of advanced tools like drones for pest surveillance, machine learning algorithms for crop disease prediction, and data analytics for farm planning is still at a nascent stage in Bangladesh.

High costs, low digital literacy, and policy-level gaps continue to be barriers. Therefore, it is crucial to identify feasible, scalable, and farmer-friendly agri-technologies tailored to local contexts. This study aims to address the research gap by reviewing recent global advancements and exploring how such technologies can be contextualized for Bangladesh’s agriculture. It also highlights how public-private partnerships, targeted policy interventions, and farmer education programs can collectively drive the transition toward a more productive, climate-resilient, and sustainable agricultural system. By leveraging modern technology and blending it with traditional farming knowledge, Bangladesh can build a robust agricultural sector that secures food production, enhances rural livelihoods, and ensures long-term environmental sustainability [5].

Bangladeshi economy highly depends on its agricultural production that contribute to in the national gross domestic product (GDP). Multiple environmental conditions, ranging from tropical monsoon to subtropical regions, support the cultivation of various major crops such as rice, jute, wheat, sugarcane, and vegetables. Geographically, the fertile alluvial soils of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna floodplain create ideal conditions for agricultural production. However, agriculture in Bangladesh is largely dominated by smallholder farmers who continue agricultural practice following traditional farming methods. Due to a combination of natural and socio-economic factors, lack of knowledge in using modern agricultural tools, the sector faces significant challenges to achieve sustainable agricultural production. One of the most critical factors affecting agricultural output is climate change. The country’s geographical vulnerability exposes it to frequent natural disasters, including floods, cyclones, and droughts. Irregular rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and extreme temperatures disrupt crop growth and reduce yields. For instance, paddy cultivation a staple in Bangladesh suffers from waterlogging during the monsoon and inadequate irrigation during dry periods. Without the adoption of climate-resilient technologies, these adverse environmental conditions remain a persistent threat to agricultural sustainability [6]. In addition to climatic challenges, structural and policy-related issues further disrupt agricultural activities. Limited access of modern agricultural technologies, high-cost agricultural practice and inappropriate traditional practices are key factors influence agricultural production. Moreover, the lack of education and training among farmers prevents the effective adoption of advanced techniques such as precision farming, integrated pest management, and climate-smart agricultural practices. This technological gap reduces both land and agricultural productivity. Bangladesh’s agricultural input market also suffers from several inefficiencies. High costs of essential inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and quality seeds create significant financial burdens for small-scale farmers. Over-reliance on chemical fertilizers and monoculture practices has contributed to soil degradation and loss of biodiversity. Furthermore, the absence of an effective agricultural extension network limits farmers’ access to timely information, thereby widening the productivity gap [7]. The marketing of agricultural products also faces serious difficulties. Rapid urbanization and industrial expansion have further intensified the pressure on agricultural land. Arable land is increasingly being converted into residential and industrial zones, reducing the area available for cultivation. At the same time, rural-to-urban migration, especially among young people, lead to labor shortages in agriculture. Older farmers, who form a large portion of the agricultural workforce, often struggle to adopt with modern technologies [8]. Globalization has also intensified the economic pressure on small-scale farmers. Due to rising global market competition and limited financial capacity, many Bangladeshi farmers find it difficult to compete effectively. Unequal distribution of policy benefits further marginalizes these farmers, making it harder for them to adapt to changing market demands. To overcome these challenges, a technology-driven and inclusive approach tailored to the specific needs of the agricultural sector is highly demandable. Application of modern agricultural tools in agricultural section may solve most of the issues related to agricultural crop growing and production. In addition to improvement of infrastructure, reform agricultural policies, and robust climate-resilient crop production using modern technology will show the way forward of sustainable agricultural production in Bangladesh [9]. 

Bangladeshi agriculture is labor-dependent and mostly operate in a traditional manner from the ancient time. Considering population load with food demand and the modern agricultural tools are now being introduced to farming system. Thus, modern agriculture technologies are creating great significance in Bangladeshi agricultural system. In the traditional way, agricultural activities were conducted depending on the equipment and natural sources, like the plow-yoke. However, these methods are not quite effective at presenting the demand and global challenges of agriculture. Inadequate productivity is the biggest restriction of agriculture in the traditional way. Although organic fertilizers are used to retain the fertility of the land, the nutrients of the soil have decreased, resulting declined yield. In addition, dependence on natural sources for irrigation hampered by irregular rainfall and water. Due to the lack of advanced technology in the control of crop diseases and insects, the cost of crop production has increased due to lack of advanced technology and lack of proper land use. Lack of adequate infrastructure is a

major problem for food conservation [10]. Due to the lack of food conservation and marketing after the harvest, the waste of food has increased. As a result, the farmers are deprived of fair value. On the other hand, the impact of climate change is also having a negative impact on agriculture. Irregular rainfall, drought, salinity, and other adversities have created major obstacles to agricultural production. In this context, the importance of modern agricultural technology is highly demandable. It is possible to solve these problems through the application of modern technology, and it is unveiling the new horizon of sustainable development in the agricultural sector of Bangladesh [11]. However, the use of modern technology in the agricultural sector of Bangladesh has made significant changes, and it has been established as an important tool for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector in the country [12]. Modern agricultural technology has unveiled a new horizon for farmers, which is playing a vital role in all areas, including crop production, irrigation management, disease control, and marketing. First, farmers are able to use the right amount of water, fertilizers, and pesticides for each part of their land through precision agriculture technology. Through this technology, farmers provide the essential ingredients according to the demand of the crop, which helps to increase production and reduce the impact on the environment. As a result, farmers can control the health of the crop and increase the amount of profit by reducing additional costs [13]. Also, modern irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems are becoming hugely popular in Bangladesh. These irrigation systems are helping farmers to increase crop production skills by reducing costs and preventing water waste. This technology is very effective for countries victims of drought and irregular rainfall under the influence of climate change, like Bangladesh. It is possible to supply a certain amount of water, which increases the quality and productivity of the crop. Climate change has become a serious threat to the agricultural sector of Bangladesh. However, modern climate-tolerant crop varieties are helping farmers to deal with the problems of drought, salinity, and other climate change. For example, salt-tolerant paddy varieties are being successfully cultivated in coastal areas, which has helped to increase the yield of farmers, and they are able to increase their income. Agricultural mechanization is another important aspect of modern agricultural technology [14]. Introducing of modern tools like rice cutting machines, power tillers, tractors, and automatic planting machines have made production easier, faster, and effective for farmers. Especially because of the labor crisis, agricultural machinery is an important solution for farmers. They reduce the amount of labor, reduce production costs, and help farmers save time. It is improving the quality of life of the farmers through the use of effective technology in agriculture. Digital technology has made a huge change in modern agriculture. Modern farmers are able to monitor the field using agricultural drones and smartphone apps, getting information on weather forecasts, symptoms of disease, and market value. These modern agriculture tools save time and improve the agricultural productivity [15].

This graph presents a picture of agricultural production in a particular region from 2009 to 2021. In a few years (Figure 1), production has increased at a huge rate of production and has decreased in other years. Variation of weather, government policies, market demand are involved in the year-based crop yield fluctuation in the country. This information help to understand the ​​crop performance in the country. Based on the whole production data one can take idea on effectiveness of the new agricultural technology. Considering the above benefits the modern technology shows a great significance in Bangladeshi agriculture sectors.

Modern agricultural technology has made a profound change in agriculture, which has exceeded the prevailing methods in terms of productivity, efficiency and durability. New innovations such as accurate farming, genetic engineering, automatic machinery and advanced irrigation system are helping farmers to improve crop production and use of resources, which are often difficult to achieve in conventional methods. Conventional agricultural methods depend on physical labor, primitive machinery and natural cycle, which is less efficient and can be difficult to scale. On the contrary, modern technology decline crop growing cycle, labour dependency, and lead to enhances total crop yield. Modern agricultural tools such as GPS-directed equipment, drones and genetically changed crops help farmers to apply water, fertilizer and pesticides more efficiently, and improvement of traits lead to enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in crops. Automation also reduces labor costs and data-driven equipment helps farmers to make better decisions about planting, harvesting and managing resources [16]. Modern technology helps farmers to adapt to climate change, such as weather forecasts and soil monitoring system that help reduce risk. Also, the contribution of mechanization to agriculture is very important. In Bangladesh, it is possible to increase productivity through the use of various agricultural machines. For example, tractors, power tillers and combine harvester, these machines are being used for labor friendly sustainable crop production. They have reduced the farmer's time and labor costs. Mechanizing land care, irrigation systems and crops in agriculture have accelerated. For example, combine harvester helps to reduce the time and cost of crop harvesting. Also, the use of power tillers to increase the fertility of the soil has introduced a new era in agriculture. Proper design of cultivation with addition of modern tools lead to increase total crop yield. Application of modern biotechnological tools help to enhance multiple environmental stress tolerance in crops [17]. These above benefits are missing in traditional cultivation system. Surveillance of soil health related traits, mineral status, crop physiological parameters with condition are frequently done using modern agricultural tools, while self- observation and peculation are mostly emphasized in traditional agricultural practices.

However, there are also some challenging factors in modern systems including high capital, skilled farmers and technical training are required. Nevertheless, modern agricultural technologies offer clear advantages in terms of efficiency, sustainability and climate resilience. These technologies can be combined with conventional agricultural methods to make farming more productive and environmentally friendly, which will help meet the growing demand for food production worldwide [18]. In below showing implies the difference between traditional agriculture and modern agriculture systems (Figure 2).  In traditional system, several tools including hoe, plough, water can, sickle, tractor, while solar water pump, drone irrigation, various sensor, IOT are frequently used in modern agricultural systems.  In early time, farmers are used to traditional equipment, and materials in crop production. Thus, net crop production was low.  But now many modern technologies have been introduced to agricultures, farmers are getting more yield compared to conventional agricultural systems [19].

The modern agricultural system helps to integrated paste management (IPM) through the use of prescription farming, biotechnology and Internet of Things (IOT). IPMs include germ control, chemical control and mechanical control, which ensures crop protection [19]. It is possible to develop a sustainable and skilled agricultural system (Figure 3).

Table 1. Comparison of modern and traditional agricultural technologies.

IoT-based sensors provide valuable information to the farmers in real-time fields crop condition. High-end sensors provide weather forecast variations, indicate soil moisture content, and even diseases. Based on IoT information, farmers take decision on further necessary steps of their crop management. Smart irrigation tools, such drip and sprinkler irrigation minimize the wastage of water and ensure a water supply when needed. The automatic irrigation system based on sensors irrigates the crops according to the moisture level in the soil, this system helps to take measure on water management during crop growing. Other technologies in agriculture are being introduced as environmentally friendly trend that leads humankind to sustainable agriculture. Organic fertilizers and eco-friendly pesticides production are a part of sustainable agriculture production [28]. Nanotechnology based fertilizers and pesticides are valuable addition to modern agriculture system. Digital technology facilitates the connectivity among farmers, consumers, and the agriproduct sellers. Farmers are being connected to consumers through virtual marketplaces and blockchain technology which will lead to reduced middlemen and fair prices for farmers. More robotics and automation technologies are used in agriculture to easy and enable efficiency in farming. Land cultivation, sowing, and reaping of crops by automated robots solve problems of labour shortages during increasing production. Machine learning- and artificial intelligence-based systems are capable of diagnosing crop diseases and provides preventive measures for growing crops.

A smartphone app has been developed that makes it easy to farmers to get information on crop diseases and their prevention measures.  Ensure the proper use of modern technologies towards sustainable agriculture [29].  However, extensive knowledge and training on using these technologies for the farmers are crucial.  The pace of sustainable agriculture development will be accelerated by providing the farmers with technical assistance through public and private initiatives. Smart farming data analysis has various important aspects. It includes the amount of sunlight, the pH of the soil, the type of air, the potential of the snow, the chemical structure, the biomass sensor, the management of the smart water, the equipment tracking, the ambient temperature, the rainfall analysis and the control of the pest [30]. They are helpful in enhancing the productivity and efficiency of agriculture through smart agricultural technology (Figure 4). Proper implementation of modern technologies will assure the future of sustainable agriculture.  This is important not only to the farmers but also to food security and environmental protection.  With the continuous advancement of technologies, their application in agriculture will get enhanced further, which will significantly contribute to addressing future challenges.

Weather station

A weather station plays an important role in agriculture. Weather station has several sensors. Such as frost sensor, temperature sensor, wind sensor, radiation sensor, and rain forecast sensor. This sensor provides the weather forecast. The smart farming data analyses provides weather information that help to take measures for growing crops (Figure 5). Based on the weather forecast farmers take decision on required irrigation, time of seeding, planting, and harvesting. The weather station provides prior alert of natural disasters like storms, swords or heavy rains, which helps reduce crop damage. By using this information, agricultural researchers can develop advanced quality seeds, fertilizers and cultivation techniques. Farmers gets prior alert on the feasibility of crop disease and insect attacks and helps the farmers to take appropriate measures or action. However, the modern technology based smart water station is one of the key factors for sustainable agricultural production. Low cost and farmer friendly weather station can be set up for the marginal farmers of Bangladesh [31].

Drone

Drone technology shows a revolutionary way for sustainable agricultural production. Farmers can easily monitor the crop position, health and soil condition of the crop using the drone. Farmers collect information about the condition of the crop through high resolution cameras and sensors attached with drone, which helps them apply proper fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers can monitor the field situation from distant places through drones, which saves their time and energy [32]. However, training and skilled operators are required for running drones in agricultural fields. Though it is frequently using in agriculture monitoring, but a bit costly that cannot afford an ordinary farmer.

Soil sensors

Soil sensor is used to measure soil moisture, soil properties, pH, temperature, and nutrient content. This type of sensors provides effective data for soils and agriculture, helps to prior resource management. Soil sensors play key role in optimizing crop growth and soil condition. The soil sensor helps to improve irrigation schedule, fertilizer optimization, reduce wasting of resource, and enhance crop yield and quality. However, the price of the sensor is a bit higher, and the technical skills are needed for the establishment and maintenance of them [33].

GPS-Guided tractors

GPS-guided tractor uses satellite signals for collecting precise data location.  The machine data provide accurate navigation, automation, and optimization of field operation. It creates an opportunity to reduce soil erosion and properly cultivates crops for farmers. This can easily and properly cultivated crop fields, which causes the production to increase and reduces the cost. The equipment is used in the auto-steering system and variable rate technology, which helps the farmer to apply for well management of fertilizer and water [34].

Blockchain technology

Blockchain helps to ensure the transparency and safety of the supply chain. Each transaction is recorded using blockchain laser, so farmers can be fully informed about where their products are going and how those are processed. The use of this technology in agriculture can properly track the products, which ensures security against fake or adulterated products. This tool requires large quantities of information that help to reduce cost and increase profits [35].

Modern vertical farming system

The vertical farming system is a promising method of crop cultivation in which plants are grown vertically with stacked layers, often integrated into buildings or specially designed structures. This approach is particularly beneficial in urban areas where horizontal space is limited. Using advanced technologies such as hydroponics and aeroponics, water and nutrients are efficiently delivered to the plants, promoting faster and healthier growth. Vertical farming not only maximizes space utilization but also enables high-yield crop production in limited areas. Despite its advantages, vertical farming comes with significant start-up costs due to the need for specialized equipment and infrastructure. Additionally, the reliance on artificial lighting and climate control systems leads to higher electricity consumption, which can be a major operational expense [36].

Hydroponic approach: fast growing with nutrient management

Hydroponics is a water-based system where crops are cultivated with water and nutrients supplement without soil. In this method soil is not mandatory, thus fast growing and proper nutrient management this method could be effective. However, this approach can be introduced in agricultural production by investigating affordable budget. Fast growing agricultural plants, vegetable crops are suitable for growing in hydroponic system [37].

Aquaponic agriculture technique: an alternative of soil system

Aquaponic is an agricultural system where crops are cultivated in water-hyacinths based solid layer. In flooding area, the water-hyacinths based aquaponic agriculture system could be affected for vegetable crop cultivation. Another name of this system is floating agriculture. In this method soil is not required, thus the people of flood affected area can run this method easily with limited knowledge. Moreover, chemical fertilizer is not required in this method. Poor and middle-class people can run this method by small investment, this method is affordable, cost effective and alternative approach of soil [38].

Automated harvesters

Automated harvester is a type of device that automatically completes the harvest. It uses robotic technology, sensors and AI to set the location of the crop and the right time and cut the crop accordingly. This allows farmers to save workers' costs and time. The use of the machine takes less time to harvest faster and reduce the waste. However, the price of this device is very high and is not suitable for certain types of crops [39].

Crop rotation software

Crop rotation software helps farmers to make an effective plan to change the crop of agricultural land. It is beneficial for the farmer to maintain soil health and improve productivity. The software provides guidelines for changing crops as per the weather, soil, and market demand. This allows modern farmers to change crops at the right time and in the right place. However, it is dependent on the proper data collection and should be used regularly to get the most benefits [40].

Weed control robots

The weed control robot is a type of robot that removes the weeds from the field and creates a suitable environment for the crop growing. It eradicates weeds using machine vision and sensor technology and then removes them. By using this technology, modern farmers can reduce the use of weedicides and improve plant growth and production. However, it can be effective in some special fields and the cost of its use can be somewhat higher [41].

Crop seeding machineries

Crop seeding machinery is the technology that helps to properly sowing seeds in soils. These instruments properly determine the depth and location of the seed to the soils. This allows farmers to prepare crop land within short time. However, it may not be suitable for some soil type or weather and may require proper maintenance [42].

No-Till seeders

No-Till seeder is a device that sows seeds without shaking or crushing the soil. It reduces soil erosion, helps hold water and creates a suitable environment for the crop. This device is important for farmers to protect soil, save water and save time. However, it may not be suitable for some fields, and it may take some time to get used to it as a new method for the farmers [43].

Firm management softwares

Farm management software is an important digital tool for the farmers, which facilitates proper tracking and analysis of their agricultural works. This software helps to properly organize the farmers to organize crop growth properly. It also helps to cost calculation, production analysis, supply chain, reserve system, workers' activities, and sale information. This allows farmers to monitor and plan their agricultural process easily, make the necessary decisions at the right time. This can increase profits by planning production according to the demand of the market. It reduces costs and saves time that leads to increase productivity. However, the technology requires some initial cost and training for the use of the softwares. It is important to have appropriate internet connection and modern technology -backed equipment to run this software effectively [44].

Agricultural robots

Agricultural robots automatically complete a lot of labour-intensive works, it helps drive efficiency across many agricultural practices. For example, sowing, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed control, insect retreat etc. It brings automation and skills to the farmers' work, which saves their time and labour. As a result, they can do much more as a professional farmer and increase productivity. Using different types of sensors, cameras and AI, these robots properly monitor the crop situation and decide on it. However, the installation cost of this technology is very high and expert maintenance and regular update are required to make it properly effective. One more major problem is that this technology is not suitable for the ordinary farmers yet perspective in Bangladesh[45].

Biomass energy system

The biomass energy system is an environmentally friendly energy source, which produces energy from unused waste, plants, wood, fruit peel, or animal waste. With this technology, farmers can generate reusable energy using unused or unnecessary ingredients of their land, which meet their energy needs and help reduce petroleum or electricity consumption. Farmers can reduce environmental damage using biomass energy and benefit in the long run by using renewable energy. This is especially beneficial for rural areas, where an electricity connection cause problems in soils. However, there are some limitations in the use of biomass energy it initially requires regular maintenance to get a large investment and higher performance. As well, often requires enough time and labour to collect and process the source of the biomass [46].

Smart irrigation system

Irrigation is frequently conduced in many parts of Bangladesh, but water wastage is a major problem. In smart irrigation system, such misuse of water is highly protected that ensure proper water management in agriculture. With the help of this technology, farmers can produce more crops with less water that confirm agricultural production with minimum water requirement. In addition, solar energy is also a significant innovation that reduces cost and is environmentally friendly. Smart irrigation systems can help improve water efficiency, increase farm productivity, and reduce the environmental impact of farming. Use weather reports and satellite data to schedule irrigation. For example, if rain is expected, the system can wait and adjust the amount of water [47]. Water sensors provides updates on current water status in the irrigating soils that helps for further irrigation requirement. The system can then use this information to determine when to water.  Use irrigation controllers. For example, the system might water less in cooler months and more in hot and dry months. Use drip or micro-irrigation, these systems can be more water efficient than gravity irrigation. And use check valves, which can be installed in sprinklers to retain water in the lateral pipes between watering cycles. Solar-powered water pump system operates as a mechanical system. It draws its energy from the sun and uses the captured sunlight to drive the system. The pump moves the water from its source (i.e., river, storage tank, or an underground well) to its destination (Figure 6). In smart irrigation system, this set up works well for irrigation, supplying water for agricultural production[48].

Application of genetic engineering approach for improving crop traits

Development of high-yielding crop varieties using genetic engineering or gene editing approach is highly demandable. This genetic manipulation tools ensure high yield with physiological traits in crops. For example, the production of high-yielding rice and wheat varieties with sustainable traits leading the agricultural production. This tool not only increase the yield, but it also made it possible to produce disease-resistant and straw-tolerant varieties. Different steps of genetic engineering are presented by which crop with new traits are ensured (Figure 7). For example, the resistant paddy varieties of drought-resistant paddy have become especially popular in Bangladesh. These varieties are helping to increase crop production in dry areas of the country, which is benefiting for farmers and consumers. Genetically modified (GM) crops have helped to ensure high yields by reducing risks to the production environment, which is playing an important role in ensuring food security [49]. Some of the benefits of genetic engineering in reducing the cost of producing food or medicine, reducing the need for pesticides, improving nutritional value and food quality, increasing resistance to pests and diseases, increasing food security and providing medical facilities for the world's growing population. Through biology, it is possible to understand and change the genetic structure of various organisms, including all types of microbes, bacteria, plants and animals, which is playing an important role in modern medicine, agriculture and industry. Modern agricultural biology is the method that scientists use using various types of instruments, which is used to improve the production or processing of plants. By genetic engineering transgenic plants are produce step by step, which is an important part of genetic engineering technology in agriculture.  In the first phase a specific gene (eg - insect prevention, disease prevention, high yield, etc.) is selected. The gene is then separated from the DNA and inserted to plasmid. Plasmid is a small round DNA of bacteria, which can be easily changed and entered cells. The changing plasmid is entered into a plant cell [50]. It is usually added to the plant cells using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria or other direct technologies. In this step, the plant cells take the gene and attach it as part of its own genome. Cells containing transgenic genes are collected and kept in especially nutritious media through tissue culture. It divides the cells and produces callus. The gene specific antibiotic is used for selecting tentative transgentic a calli or plantlets. Plantlet is formed from the selected callus, which gradually turns into a full plant (Figure 7). It is then confirmed through antibiotic resistance test, PCR analysis, blotting technique, whether the target transgene is successfully integrated to the plant genome. In Bangladeshi agriculture, such type of modern biotechnology is not well applied  in agriculture [51]. It needs more time to introduced at field level.

The use of modern agricultural machinery, such as tractors, harvester and planters, can significantly increase agricultural production capacity. Farmers can produce more crops in less time by using these devices, which increases productivity and increases their income [52]. Farmers can reduce their dependence on manual labour by using modern agricultural machinery. These strategies reduce labour costs and increases the effectiveness of agriculture[53]. Modern technology provides benefits to farmers to analyze current status of soils and crops, which helps to take rapid decision on soil, fertilizer, nutrient and crop management. These steps lead to improve overall crop growth and productivity. In Bangladesh, where the water crisis is one of the major problems, this smart irrigation system is highly desirable [54]. Modern agricultural equipment such as drones and automated spray systems help control the invasion of insects and diseases for farmers crops. This allows farmers to provide treatment in a timely manner, thus reducing crop damage. With modern technology, farmers can check the health of the soil and fill it properly if there is any nutrients in it. This increases the production of the crop and maintains the sustainability or sustainability of agriculture [55].  Several modern equipments, such as automated seeders, tractors, and soil moisture sensors, helps to create the right time and suitable environment for farmers' grains. It improves the health of the grain and increases production. The use of modern agricultural equipment can create opportunities for youth and women to become new entrepreneurs in the countryside. They can create income sources by operating agricultural machinery, providing services, or using modern agricultural technology. Farmers can produce more crops using modern agricultural machinery, which can be helpful in ensuring food security. It is very important to produce enough food for the country's growing population. Bangladesh will be able to export its agricultural products to the international market if advanced crop production and quality increase. This will increase foreign exchange opportunities in the country's agricultural sector and farmers will benefit. It is possible to make organic farming easier and profitable using modern agricultural equipment and technology. For example, farmers can produce crops in the environment-friendly agricultural system using the perfect technology for low-cost fertilizers and pesticides [56]. Natural disasters in Bangladesh such as floods, droughts and cyclones are regular problems. Modern technology, such as predicted systems and suitable equipment for climate tolerant crop cultivation, can help reduce farmers' disasters. It is possible to produce multiple crops simultaneously using modern machinery. Through this, farmers get more income from the same land and increase the production cycle. Farmers can easily find out about market demand, grain prices and sales system using modern digital platforms, mobile apps or IOT technology. This reduces the impact of the middlemen, and the farmers get fair value. Farmers can deal with the negative impact of climate change using modern agricultural equipment and technology. Analysing the location of the crop through the drone and artificial rainfall is helpful in dealing with the challenges of climate change [57]. Considering the above benefits of modern agricultural tools, their addition to Bangladeshi agriculture will be beneficial addition in future.

The use of modern technology in agriculture has increased productivity in many areas, but it has some limitations. A major limitation is the high cost of acquiring advanced technologies such as IoT sensors, drones, and automated machinery. Small farmers in your country are not able to afford this technology, which creates a gap between the self-sufficient farmers of developing countries and the farmers of our country. To overcome this challenge, the government and the private sector should provide subsidies or financing facilities for the farmers of Bangladesh to acquire such technology. This will create equal access to technology and bring improvement for all. Another limitation is the lack of necessary skills among farmers to operate and maintain the technology. Without proper training, farmers may be unable to use IOT systems, drones, and other smart tools [58]. To address this problem, agricultural extension services need to be strengthened, and training and technical assistance should be provided to farmers free of cost through various local public and private training institutes. Local agricultural experts can be helpful in using the technology for farmers. In addition, there are concerns about data security and privacy as a huge amount of data is collected using technology. If farmers feel that their data can be misused, they may be reluctant to adopt this technology. To solve this problem, policies should be introduced to ensure the security of farmers' data and clear guidelines should be provided for its use. Transparency about data security will encourage farmers to adopt modern technology [59]. Lack of state infrastructure, such as poor internet connectivity and unstable power supply, also hinder the use of technology. To solve these problems, investment in renewable energy sources like solar power and expansion of internet infrastructure is required. In this, farmers in remote areas will get the benefits of modern technology and will move towards more sustainable agriculture. Most people are currently looking for jobs after completing their studies. They think that a job is a better option of life, but they do not know that apart from jobs it is possible to earn a lot of money by becoming an agricultural entrepreneur [60].  Introducing these technology creases employment automatically for many people. Agricultural experts or agricultural graduates should disseminate this information among the people in the society so that the employed can also move towards agricultural activities. However, they can live a good life from the job. Above all, it should be remembered that while there are some limitations to the use of modern technology, but establishing appropriate policies, providing training, and developing infrastructure can provide of its solutions [61]. These steps will play a significant role in ensuring sustainable improvement in the agricultural sector.

This review explores the growing influence and potential benefits of modern agricultural technologies and their introducing to agricultural sectors perspective in Bangladesh. Innovations such as precision farming, drone-assisted monitoring, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled observation systems, artificial intelligence (AI) for data-driven decision-making, and blockchain for secure supply chain management are significantly enhancing efficiency, resilience, and adaptability in agricultural operations. These technologies have already contributed to more effective resource management, decreased reliance on manual labour, and increased overall productivity. Notably, advanced irrigation systems have played a crucial role in conserving water, reduce labour input, and saving operational time. The application of blockchain in agricultural supply chains is also helping to ensure fair market value for farmers while minimizing post-harvest losses. The integration of such technologies holds substantial promise for ensuring long-term food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development. However, several barriers still limit widespread adoption. These include high implementation costs, limited access for small-scale farmers, inadequate technical knowledge, and a lack of supporting infrastructure. Addressing these challenges requires targeted policy interventions, including financial support for technology adoption, infrastructure expansion, and comprehensive training programs to build farmers' technical capacity. The successful implementation of these solutions depends on collaborative efforts among government agencies, private sector entities, academic institutions, and farming communities. However, modern technology offers transformative potential for the agricultural landscape of Bangladesh.

The authors would like to acknowledge faculty members, Department of Agricultural Science, IUBAT for their sincere appreciation and guidance in research.

MNM: research plan, data analysis, figure drawing, initial draft preparation. FT, AAO and YA: data collection, manuscript review, editing and final revision. All authors have approved the final version of this manuscript.

There is no conflict of interest among the authors.